La revista transformación es una publicación científica de la Universidad de Camagüey Ignacio Agramonte Loynaz, versión On-line ISSN 2077-2098, perteneciente al Ministerio de Educación Superior de Cuba. Es de acceso abierto /Open Access Journal. Arbitraje abierto / Open Arbitration. sistema de publicación continúo compuesto por un volumen y tres números al año. Tiene como misión estimular, difundir y desarrollar el conocimiento científico original generado por académicos nacionales y extranjeros en los ámbitos de las ciencias pedagógicas y sus innumerables puntos de contacto con otras ciencias sociales, mediante la publicación de artículos originales, que expongan información primaria obtenida a partir de la ejecución de investigaciones que realicen contribuciones significativas y novedosas al contenido de las ciencias pedagógicas, al debate teórico en este campo o que en la sistematización del conocimiento precedente de manera original y desarrolladora logren identificar falencias teóricas en el estado del arte. La revisión de los manuscritos por pares, está a cargo de evaluadores internos y externos al Comité Editorial, expertos de reconocido prestigio en la comunidad científica internacional. Cada número informará de sus correspondientes revisores. La aceptación o rechazo de un documento es responsabilidad del Comité Editorial y resulta una decisión inapelable.
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Education in urban-marginal areas: Challenges for the Dominican Republic
Introduction: Urban slums exist worldwide, regardless of the country. However, their nature, scale, and causes differ between developed and developing countries, posing a challenge for Latin America. Objective: Analyze the urban-marginal areas and their educational institutions in Latin America with emphasis on the Dominican Republic, as well as the perspective of transformation. Methods: The design used is qualitative, of a descriptive-analytical type, with a documentary approach. A review, systematization, and critical analysis of academic literature and specialized institutional reports were carried out. Result: Definitions of urban-marginal zones are presented, along with the most significant social and educational problems they face. The document focuses particularly on educational challenges in these areas and the obstacles they present for the Dominican Republic. Conclusion: Transforming urban-marginal areas requires specific government policies and the involvement of various organizations and institutions to enable collaborative and interactive work. Similarly, teacher training needs to be contextualized so that educators in these areas are committed to and proficient in educational intervention strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Transformación https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pedagogical support and its significance for the teacher, reflections on their teaching-mathematics experiences
Introduction: The pedagogical support model creates a cycle of continuous improvement that respects the individual needs and contexts of teachers. Objective: Demonstrate how pedagogical support for the teacher gains significance from the evaluative reflections they make on their didactic-mathematical experiences. Methods: The methodology of a pre-experiment with a single group was applied for the initial (pretest) and final (posttest) measurement of how, through pedagogical support, the teacher acquires significance in the evaluative reflections they make about their didactic-mathematical experiences. The sample was non-probabilistic and consisted of 27 teachers; the inclusion criteria for selection were that they be Primary level teachers with more than three years of experience and that they agreed to participate in the research (informed consent). Result: It was found that there was improvement in the three actions that characterize the significance of the evaluative reflections teachers make about their didactic-mathematical experiences, as regarding the critical analysis of educational interventions, it was observed that most teachers' perceptions were between consolidated achievement and work in progress; the same occurs with the action of generating informed adjustments, and with the promotion of innovations with impact; these results are higher than the pretest perception. Conclusion: The study showed that pedagogical support with didactic situations related to the characterization and reconstruction of teachers' didactic-mathematical experiences, regarding work with concepts in numeration, geometry, measurement, and/or statistics, have a positive effect on the significance of the evaluative reflections teachers make about their own professional practice.
Organizational culture and its relationship with educational management
Introduction: Organizational culture is important in the management that must be carried out in educational institutions. Objective: To systematize the theoretical references that support organizational culture and its relationship with organizational management in educational units. Methods: The research was carried out around the question: What is the importance of managing an organizational culture in secondary schools? The PRISMA protocol was used to carry out the theoretical systematization. Result: The area of research is recent, with a theoretical, methodological and practical body under construction, with successes and limitations. In the educational organizational culture, each of the aspects that define the identity of the institution must be reflected in the development of its members (directors, administrators, teachers, students, parents, etc.), achieving a systematic and integrating work that directs them towards the development of efficient and effective processes. Conclusion: Organizational culture has a direct impact on institutional education, where the analysis of an educational institution's values, norms, policies, and traditions can influence student training and teacher professional development. Hence, changes in organizational culture can be used as a tool for improvement to address challenges and promote educational excellence.
La gestión organizacional en la universidad: perspectiva estratégica desde lo académico
Objetivo: Proponer una estrategia de gestión organizacional desde una perspectiva estratégica-académica para optimizar los procesos universitarios. Métodos: La investigación empleó un enfoque mixto aplicativo descriptivo, aplicando métodos como talleres de opinión crítica y construcción colectiva, análisis documental, revisión sistemática de literatura y cuestionarios a una muestra de 20 directivos y 23 docentes de la Universidad Tecnológica del Sur (UTESUR). Resultados: Se elaboró una estrategia organizacional en cuatro etapas (diagnóstico, planificación, ejecución, evaluación y control), fundamentada en principios de adaptabilidad, liderazgo y mejora continua. La propuesta fue validada mediante talleres con expertos, demostrando su capacidad para integrar la gestión administrativa y académica. Conclusiones: La estrategia desarrollada constituye un marco viable para la gestión universitaria, al promover una visión integral, fomentar la innovación educativa y fortalecer la alineación entre los procesos institucionales y los objetivos académicos.
Revalidación en población ecuatoriana de la Escala de Motivación Educativa (EME) en su versión abreviada para estudiantes universitarios
La motivación es de gran relevancia e influencia el ámbito educativo. Su importancia reside en la determinación del proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje. Se han encontrado diversos estudios en los que se desvela el nivel de motivación de estudiantes de distintos contextos y edades en una o de varias disciplinas académicas. Dado que la motivación es tan relevante en el ámbito educativo, se ha revalidado una versión breve de la Escala de Motivación Educativa en 512 estudiantes universitarios de la República del Ecuador. El análisis factorial exploratorio desvela las dos subdimensiones de Motivación intrínseca y Motivación extrínseca que se apuntan en la teoría. Esta herramienta será de gran utilidad en el Ecuador para el diagnóstico psicoeducativo ya que no se disponía de un instrumento de este tipo en el país.
autodeterminación, motivación intrínseca, motivación extrínseca, diagnóstico psicoeducativo, EME
Estrategia para la formación de la competencia gestión personal del conocimiento microbiológico en estudiantes de la Licenciatura en Educación Biología
Objetivo: Derivado del estudio se propone una estrategia pedagógica para la formación de la competencia gestión personal del conocimiento microbiológico en estudiantes de la Licenciatura en Educación Biología. Métodos: Se emplearon métodos del nivel teórico como: analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo. Se connota el uso de la modelación sistémico-estructural-funcional para la elaboración de la estrategia pedagógica y su valoración se realiza con el uso del método Delphi. Resultado: Consiste en la elaboración de una estrategia pedagógica para la formación de la competencia gestión personal del conocimiento microbiológico. Se pudo comprobar que se produjeron cambios significativos en la competencia luego de aplicada la estrategia, la cual contribuye a elevar la calidad de la formación de docentes de biología en la práctica pedagógica. Conclusión: La estrategia pedagógica propuesta se estructuró en tres etapas relacionadas con el diagnóstico- preparación, ejecución y finalmente, evaluación y perfeccionamiento de la competencia gestión personal del conocimiento microbiológico. Su pertinencia fue evaluada por los expertos en la categoría de bastante adecuado.
Marisela de la Caridad Guerra Salcedo Guerra Salcedo
Organizational management focused on the implementation of digital tools in primary education centers
Introduction: Today's society requires urgent strategic actions to prepare its future. The post-pandemic stage, accelerated technological development, wedge an incalculable vulnerability in all the social processes that are carried out. Education is at the center since it is a key factor for development. For this reason, organizational management is one of the first places for the achievement of the objectives of education. Objective: to carry out a systematic review of academic management in educational centers and the use of digital technologies, which favors the organization at the Primary Level Methods: the predominant methodology in the research was the PRISMA protocol. Search strategies with Boolean operators, searches in the SciELO, Scopus, and Web Sciencia databases were also used, as well as the consultation of specific publications in the research area. Result: The processes involved in academic management, their relationship with organizational management, as well as the most representative studies to be taken into account for research are presented. Conclusion: The systematization carried out allowed to establish the processes involved in organizational management, as well as the analysis of the selected studies. The identification of strengths and limitations will allow tracing research routes in Latin American countries.
The articulation of formative ecosystems and research performance in the training of Doctors in Educational Sciences
Introduction: The training of PhDs in Education Sciences represents a fundamental pillar in the development of educational research, pedagogical innovation, and the improvement of teaching systems. Objective: This article aims to systematize the main doctoral training methods, predominant organizational structures, and essential competencies that shape the methodological approach to training PhDs in Education Sciences, based on the systematization of experiences and the most recent scientific literature. Methods: Using a mixed-methods research approach, we combined document analysis, analytical-synthetic methods, experiential analysis, key informant interviews, and methodological triangulation. This enabled the identification of key training methods, predominant organizational structures, and essential competencies, laying the foundation for continuous improvement of the doctoral program. Results: The structure and components of the pedagogical model designed for training PhDs in Education Sciences were determined, along with the dynamic role of doctoral training ecosystems and research performance. Conclusion: The proposed pedagogical model seeks to enhance doctoral training in Education Sciences by aligning with solid theoretical frameworks and effective training practices, thereby contributing to the scientific development of education professionals and, consequently, to the quality of education.
Biographical narrative approach for the construction of life stories of Cuban educators
Objective: To clarify the moments to be taken into account for creating life stories of educators in the context of Cuban universities. Methods: Interpretative documentary analysis focused on reviewing specialized literature on life stories, biographical-narrative methodologies, and studies on exemplary educators, using as main sources indexed scientific articles in databases such as Scielo, Redalyc, Dialnet, and Google Scholar. As analysis procedures: in the exploratory phase, the search for literature using key terms 'life stories' AND 'educators', 'biographical methods' AND 'education'; in the synthesis phase, the findings were organized around methodological moments or stages, and the reflective phase allowed for establishing moments for future research and the elements that should not be missing in life stories of Cuban university teachers. Result: It consists of the presentation of the key methodological moments in the construction of life stories of university teachers and the explanation of each of them. These are: design and epistemological foundation; collection of testimonials; analysis and interpretation; and validation and feedback. In the explanation, each one appears with its own tasks, challenges, and theoretical foundations. Conclusion: The life stories of educational personalities are insufficient; theoretical studies prevail in relation to biographical-narrative research. There are biases due to the insufficient research intent of a theoretical, epistemological, and praxiological nature, as well as the limited methodological foundation aimed at the scientific research study of teachers. Actions are needed to highlight, from research in the history of education, the contributions of recognized figures of teaching from the 20th and 21st centuries in Cuba. Keywords: life stories, educators, biographical method, biographical-narrative research, university professors
Contribution to the epistemic foundations of the investigative training of the legal sciences professional
Objective: This paper aims at reviewing the framework of research skills education of criminalist. Methods: The authors rely on a mixed approach (Hernández‐Sampieri & Mendoza, 2018) oriented towards qualitative research based on the materialist‐dialectical method in reviewing documentary sources by means of theoretical methods such as analysis‐synthesis induction‐ deduction, historic and logic procedures. Result: The main finding is a framework for the research skills education of criminalist, based on the grounds of certain units of analysis: structure and content, research education, execution and science visibility and curricular design. Conclusion: Research education is both a process and a result of the dialectical appropriation of knowledge, skills, habits and ethical professional values.
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El uso de frases reflexivas como recurso educativo socioemocional en el contexto universitario chileno
Objetivo: Se observa que la formación inicial docente en la actualidad responde principalmente a una preparación donde se relevan aspectos más bien cognitivos, en desmedro de elementos socioemocionales. Por ello, el objetivo del estudio es conocer las percepciones del estudiantado respecto al uso de frases reflexivas como recurso educativo socioemocional en el contexto universitario chileno. Método: El estudio se desarrolló bajo un enfoque cuantitativo, se utilizó un diseño no experimental, de nivel exploratorio y un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Los participantes fueron 46 estudiantes de pedagogía de tres carreras de la Facultad de Educación de una Universidad al sur de Chile. Se aplicó un cuestionario y los datos fueron analizados con estadística descriptiva, por medio del programa SPSS. Resultados: El uso de frases reflexivas se posiciona como un recurso educativo socioemocional que contribuye a la formación inicial docente. Los estudiantes destacan su aporte, principalmente, al trato cordial y respetuoso del docente, el diálogo y la activación de emociones positivas. Conclusiones: El estudiantado valora positivamente las frases reflexivas como recurso educativo socioemocional en el contexto universitario. La estrategia ayuda y fortalece la formación del profesorado, al lograr activar sus competencias socioemocionales desde una propuesta transformadora. Asimismo, permite formar futuros docentes que acompañen con sensibilidad y empatía cada proceso de la práctica educativa al favorecer la integración del saber ser y convivir en la formación del estudiantado para enfrentar los retos en su futuro desempeño profesional. Por ende, sería un factor importante a considerar desde la convivencia educativa en la educación superior.
La identidad digital del docente universitario en el ecosistema digital de ciencia abierta. Descripción de su comportamiento
La prevención de la drogadicción en las secundarias básicas: gestión desde el enfoque de riesgos
El discurso intertextual en las artes: una contribución a la inclusión y a la diversidad
Introducción: El estudio de las artes visuales desde la perspectiva teórica de la intertextualidad está, en el contexto de las ciencias del arte, menos sistematizado con respecto a la literatura, quizás por ser primicia. No obstante, el artista y su obra visual, son sensibles a lecturas semióticas disímiles, tales como entre el texto nuclear y unidades textuales. Al respecto, el cine y el diseño huelgan de mayor observancia (Sosnytskyi, 2025, Castillo-Hilario, 2020). El presente estudio analiza el conjunto de 72 láminas del Libro de pinturas de José Antonio Aponte, desde la perspectiva teórica de Groys (2014), Marin (1991) y Porebski (1994). Objetivo: Analizar desde una perspectiva teórica intertextual el Libro de pinturas de José Antonio Aponte. Resultados: El Libro de pinturas nace en un contexto colonial, de opresiones a un tiempo. El conjunto de las 72 láminas, plataforma visual iconoclasta, se utilizó para instruir a discípulos desde la imagen contra el poder colonial. Conclusiones: El discurso intertextual en las artes visuales a partir del análisis del Libro de pinturas de José Antonio Aponte permitió conocer el ámbito gnoseológico del autor. El 69 (44 % del conjunto de las obras) enuncia la serie paradigmática virtual asociativa al tema de las literaturas sagradas y religiosas re-significado. Imágenes disruptivas que incluye a la mujer en total legitimidad con la figura masculina. El 22, 22% connota el tema de justicia histórica reparativa al alterar la representación: hegemónico/subalterno. El 8, 33 % apunta al tema del poder sacerdotal travestido. Aponte ordenó a subalternos como papas, cardenales, sacerdotes. Su poética le costó un alto precio: su cabeza.
Nivel de conocimientos sobre la resolución de conflictos en la misión diplomática de la República Dominicana en Cuba
Exploratory study of the state of development of digital teaching skills of teachers in Cuba
Objective: This article presents an exploratory study of the state of development of the Digital Teaching Competencies of teachers of the National Education System in Cuba. Methods: The study carried out was based on a quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional research, with a descriptive scope. The research methods used were a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, with a predominance of online surveys with a sample of 4,393 teachers and professors in practice from almost all the provinces of the country and from all educational levels. Results: The characterization of the level of development of the Digital Teaching Competence of teachers of the Cuban Education System is presented, based on the detailed study of the dimensions and indicators in which said competence was modeled and the realization of generalizations derived from the triangulation of the results obtained. Conclusion: There are many possibilities for improvement in relation to the development of Digital Teaching Competencies of the teaching staff in practice in Cuba, making evident a marked need in pedagogical preparation for the efficient and effective use of Digital Technologies in Cuban schools.
La gestión organizacional de un área administrativa-financiera orientada a la educación inclusiva, equitativa y de calidad
Introduction: The context of the 21st century demands that Higher Education assume its leadership role in relation to the changes required by society, and considers the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the "2030 Agenda" as a roadmap, with emphasis on its number 4 objective aimed at guaranteeing inclusive, equitable and quality education, and promoting lifelong learning opportunities for all. Objective: Explore the organizational management of the administrative-financial area of ​​the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology to achieve inclusive, equitable, and quality education. Methods: A qualitative methodology was used, utilizing documentary analysis, surveys, observations, and interviews to obtain a comprehensive view of the problem. The research is exploratory. Result: There is a willingness to transform organizational management in the administrative and financial areas geared toward inclusive, equitable, and quality education. Furthermore, there is a lack of knowledge regarding how to proceed to achieve inclusive, equitable, and quality education in higher education and how to manage it administratively and financially. All of this impacts the professional performance of those involved in organizational management at the Ministry of Science and Technology (MESCyT) in the Dominican Republic. Conclusion: The exploratory study conducted on organizational management in the administrative and financial area confirmed the presence of shortcomings in the approach to inclusive, equitable, and quality education. This reflects the need to contribute new elements to the current concept and implement avenues for its improvement.
Resumen Introducción: El consumo de drogas lícitas en Cuba crece progresivamente en estudiantes universitarios, marcando un reto en las universidades y el desafío está, en el desarrollo de nuevas transformaciones educativas, que permitan perfeccionar la prevención en beneficio de la salud humana. Objetivo: Validar una estrategia psicoeducativa en la prevención del consumo de drogas lícitas en estudiantes universitarios desde la Educación para la Salud en la universidad de Camagüey. Métodos: Se asume un paradigma mixto, no experimental y transversal. En la revisión bibliográfica se utilizan métodos teóricos, permitiendo la fundamentación y profundización del tema . La estrategia está concebida en tres etapas; en la primera se aplica métodos empíricos en la muestra intencional del 2do año CRD, en las carreras de Derecho y Gestión Sociocultural para el Desarrollo, obteniéndose irregularidades en el tratamiento al consumo de drogas lícitas, develando deficiencias y potencialidades en el trabajo preventivo, permitiendo en la segunda etapa sustentar la fundamentación metodológica y elaboración de la estrategia psicoeducativa y en la tercera fase, se organiza el control y evaluación de los talleres y estrategia en general. La evaluación de la propuesta se realiza por criterios de especialista aplicando la técnica Moriyama. Resultados: Las insuficiencias detectadas están en el trabajo preventivo de los docentes y directivos y falta de conocimientos en los factores de riesgos y protectores frente al daño , manifestadas en conductas inadecuadas ante el consumo. Se evidencia la elaboración valida y fiable de una estrategia psicoeducativa en la prevención del consumo de drogas lícitas desde la Educación para la Salud. Conclusiones: La propuesta brinda un aporte teórico sustentado en la transformación de modo de actuación adecuado ante las drogas lícitas en estudiantes universitarios, fortaleciéndose la percepción de riesgo revestida en disminución del consumo y el bienestar de la salud individual y colectiva.
La universidad: transformaciones demográficas y aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida
Estrategia didáctica para el desarrollo de la competencia léxica en inglés con fines médicos
Strategy for training nuclear medicine technologists in radioactive waste management competency
Objective: The purpose of the study was to propose a pedagogical strategy for the training of radioactive waste management competence in nuclear medicine technologists. Methods: Theoretical level methods were used, such as: analytical-synthetic and inductive-deductive, necessary for the systematization of previous scientific results. Also, the structural-functional method was used in the elaboration of the pedagogical strategy. At the empirical level, the documentary analysis and the experts' criteria were used, with the application of the Delphi method, for the evaluation of the relevance of the proposed pedagogical strategy. Result: It consists of a pedagogical strategy for the training of radioactive waste management competence in nuclear medicine technologists, as a contribution to their professionalization, which is relevant and feasible for its implementation in the continuing education of these professionals. Conclusion: The proposed pedagogical strategy consists of three stages: diagnosis and sensitization; planning-execution and evaluation. Its implementation contemplates the development of a professional development course and a postgraduate on-the-job training, which contribute to the professionalization of the technologists of this specialty, through the training of the radioactive waste management competence.
Carlos Manuel Morales Crespo Morales Crespo
Written expression for professional communication in the process of English language training for journalism students ni
Copyright (c) 2024 Transformación https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.es
Una mirada a la sensibilidad desde la perspectiva ambiental
Uno de los principales objetivos de la educación ambiental debe ser el desarrollo de la sensibilidad en los individuos con el fin de que puedan asumir una actitud adecuada hacia su entorno, sin embargo, ¿Qué se entiende por sensibilidad? ¿Qué relación guarda con el desarrollo histórico de la educación ambiental? ¿Cómo podemos desde nuestra posición de educadores contribuir al desarrollo de una sensibilidad estética ambiental en los educandos?
Shaping a scientific environmental culture by reading José Marti’s texts
José Martí is widely known for his literary works, his political speeches and journalist activity. In his articles he excels for his chronicles about the Scientific Revolution taken place by the end of the 19th Century in the U. S. and other capitalist countries. He covers a large number of topics: nature and universe conceptions, scientific work characteristic features, natural resources and sources of energy exploitation, natural phenomena, the use of electricity and the environmental conditions of New York City, proving to be an environmental cultivated person. This paper is an attempt to approach the use of José Martí’s texts to enlarge the environmental culture of the students.
Environmental approach to geographic thinking development from the perspective of José Marti’s texts
The article presents findings of the research the project "Systematization of the theory and practice for a didactics of geographical thinking in natural sciences teacher currently running at the Faculty of Sciences. The study is intended to highlight the potentials of José Marti's text for environmentally focused geographical thinking junior high school students. It starts by assessing the importance of geographical thinking for contemporary society and the presence of this conception in the writings and the life of José Martí, Eighth grade Geography objectives and content suitable for José Marti's studies are identified. Likewise, a selection of texts is suggested.
Designing an environmental training program from an inter-transversal approach
An environmental educational program is devised based on the notion of inter-transversability —as described in a prior research and considering the shortcomings of teachers of sciences training process—. The program is aimed at environmental protection sustainable development; it is characterized by its inter-transversal approach, its theoretical and practical character, and its contribution to teachers’ educational and environmental professional performance. The program has been in use in 12 classes and assessed by means consulting experts on the topic.
Preserving heritage and technical professional motivation of antiquary workers
This research was conducted at "Francisco Sánchez Betancourt" trade school. It is aimed at developing environmental education and professional and technical motivation by means of the heritage preserving work in masonry trainees. Theoretical research methods were used for systematizing referents, likewise observation, interviews, surveys and experiments were used to advance the proposal consisting of a system of tasks for the subject "Technology of Masonry" based on organized visits to historical buildings and sites. These visits allow masonry trainees to know about the importance of preserving heritage the ways to accomplish it. In addition lectures, video showing sections, book sales and other activities were carried out for promoting students enrolment.
Estudio de casos sobre la enseñanza del inglés en la formación de máster en educación ambiental
The article describes a part of the result of a bibliometric study of the total number of theses presented as the graduation exercise by the participants of the third edition of Environmental Education Master Training Program, particular the results connected with role of the English Language in accessing, processing and communicating information. The results are compared to the objectives and contents of the English language syllabus used at the training program. By means of the methodology delivered by the Master Training Program Committee, and the use of bibliometric techniques a quantitative study of the whole population was carried out, later on the same basis a case study was completed involving two graduates of high, medial and low results in English. The authors arrived at conclusions in relation to the effectiveness of the English syllabus and the way graduates make use of English as a research tool.
Guidelines for education in energy management
Although educating for energy management is nowadays recognized as an important topic, the process of training is far from the ideal. One of the main shortcomings identified in the research is related to procedures selection, aside from the consensus of academic authorities of its inter-disciplinary character. This article aims to highlight the guidelines for education in energy management, as well as to advance the workshops for its implementation. The results of the research are only a part of a Ph D studied completed by the writer. The effectiveness of the proposal was appraised experimentally and subjected to specialists’ valuation.
Mountain names in the geographical dictionary of Camagüey Province, environmental studies, and environmental education
The research contributes to the project intended to provide the province of Camagüey with a geographical dictionary, a reference book for economic entities and academic institutions. The article is aimed at standardizing the use of geographical names in education and scientific research in Camagüey. Several methods of geographical research were used, cartographic methods, observing geographic objects in place and field research included. The findings were assessed by means of consulting experts on the topic and computer data processing. The methodology employed follows the guidelines of the national group of advisors for geographical names and the group of advisor of Camagüey province. The most widely used geographical names in the regions were listed in the dictionary.